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Williamstown
Railways in Melbourne
Platforms at Williamstown Beach railway station, Melbourne.
Platforms at Williamstown Beach station in 2019.
Overview
Service typeCommuter rail
SystemMelbourne railway network
StatusOperational
LocaleMelbourne, Victoria, Australia
First service17 January 1859; 165 years ago (1859-01-17)
Current operator(s)Metro Trains
Former operator(s)
Route
TerminiFlinders Street (some continue to Frankston)
Williamstown
Stops12 (excluding City Loop stations)
Distance travelled16.2 km (10.1 mi)
Average journey time27 minutes
Service frequency
  • 20 minutes weekdays peak
  • 20 minutes weekdays off-peak and weekend afternoons
  • 20–30 minutes at nights and weekend mornings
  • 60 minutes early weekend mornings
  • Triple frequency daytime between Flinders Street and Newport in combination with Werribee line
  • Shuttle-only operation at nighttime and weekends between Newport and Williamstown
  • Certain trains continue or start from Frankston
Line(s) usedWilliamstown
Technical
Rolling stockComeng, Siemens, X'Trapolis 100
Track gauge1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
Electrification1500 V DC overhead
Track owner(s)VicTrack

The Williamstown line is a commuter railway line in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.[1] Operated by Metro Trains Melbourne, it is the city's third shortest metropolitan railway line at 16.2 kilometres (10.1 mi).

The line runs from Flinders Street station in central Melbourne to Williamstown station in the inner west, serving 12 stations via Footscray, Yarraville, and Newport.[2] The line operates for approximately 19 hours a day (from approximately 5:00 am to around 12:00 am) with 24-hour service available on Friday and Saturday nights. During peak hours, the line operates with headways of up to 20 minutes, ensuring frequent service for commuters. During off-peak hours, the service intervals are adjusted to provide service every 20–30 minutes, accommodating the lower demand.[3] Trains on the Williamstown Line run with two three-car formations of Comeng, Siemens Nexas, and X'Trapolis 100 trainsets.[4]

Together with the Southern Cross to Sunbury portion of the Deniliquin railway line, it is the first and oldest government-built line in Victoria, having opened on 13 January 1859.[5] The line was built to serve the port at Williamstown, giving it economic importance to the then-colony as it established itself as an important international passenger port.[5] The line has played an important part in the development of Victoria's railways, with the first workshops opening along the line in the 1800s.[6]

Since the 2010s, due to the heavily utilised infrastructure of the Williamstown line, improvements and upgrades have been made. Works have included replacing sleepers, upgrading signalling technology, the removal of level crossings, the introduction of new rolling stock, and station accessibility upgrades.[7]

History

[edit]

19th century

[edit]
  • The original Williamstown Workshops in 1870.
    The original Williamstown Workshops in 1870.
  • Railway (Nelson) Pier in Williamstown, 1883
    Railway (Nelson) Pier in Williamstown, 1883
  • Breakwater Pier, Williamstown was one of three piers connected directly to the railway line, 1890.
    Breakwater Pier, Williamstown was one of three piers connected directly to the railway line, 1890.

Construction of the line was started by the Melbourne, Mount Alexander, and Murray River Railway Company (MMA&MRR) with the construction of Batman Hill (now Southern Cross) station in 1853. Interestingly, the station did not see a train for another 6 years till services began in 1857.[5] In response to 12 months of inaction by the MMA&MRR and pressure from the government and financial backers, the company organised a gala event at Williamstown on 12 June 1854.[8]

Recognising the challenges faced by private companies and the pressing need for railway development, the government took action to address the situation. On 19 March 1856, despite only small sections being completed, the government intervened and acquired the line, assuming responsibility for its construction and further development.[8]

In 1858, the Williamstown Workshops opened for the assembly of engines and carriages imported from England. Other buildings were soon added, with a total of seven locomotives built.[6] During the late 1880s when railway management described the workshops as inadequate, moves were made to construct new workshops at Newport. By 1889 the new shops were open and Williamstown was closed.[9][10]

Although it is now operated as a branch from the main Werribee/Geelong line at Newport, the line was originally built from the city with the Geelong line being the branch. The line officially opened in January 1859, but the section between the Newport Workshops and Williamstown Pier was in use by Geelong-line trains from October 1857 as it provided a connection to the ferry services departing from the pier.[11] From Williamstown Pier, passengers could connect to a ferry across Hobsons Bay to Port Melbourne.[11]

20th century

[edit]

In August 1920, the line was fully electrified from North Melbourne to the Williamstown Pier. Later in 1927, the section from South Kensington to Footscray received three-position signalling with further extensions of the three position signalling occurring in 1929 and 1997.[9]

Due to the proximity to the nearby wharf facilities, the Williamstown line provided a vital connection between Melbourne and the freight and passenger facilities at the port provided. The railway was built to serve the Government port at Williamstown, giving it great economic importance to the Colony of Victoria and establishing its role as an international passenger port.[9]

The Newport Workshops pictured in August 2005

The Newport Workshops in Victoria have played a significant role in the railway system, highlighting their importance through various expansion initiatives. Notable expansions took place from 1905 to 1915 and again from 1925 to 1930.[12] At the peak of operation it was one of Victoria's largest and best-equipped engineering establishments, with up to 5,000 employees on site.[13] The workshops had their own cricket grounds, and the game of Trugo is said to have been invented by workers on their lunch hour in the 1920s.[14] In the late 1980s, the original segments of the workshops were removed from everyday use with modern workshops built along the eastern side of the site, which remains in use today.[15]

The only section of the line to have closed was the Williamstown to Williamstown Pier section which closed in March 1987.

21st century

[edit]
Main article: Williamstown railway line § Future

In January 2021, a major timetable rewrite resulted in increased frequencies and weekend daytime shuttle services being extended from Newport to Flinders Street.[16] Peak hour weekday services now stop at South Kensington, which simplifies stopping patterns on the Werribee and Sunbury lines.[16]

Future

[edit]

Level crossing removals

[edit]
A modern, lowered train station
North Williamstown station was rebuilt as part of nearby level crossing removal works.

The Level Crossing Removal Project has announced the removal of 3 level crossings on the Williamstown line, to be completed in stages from 2021 to 2030. In 2021, one level crossing was removed at Ferguson Street in Williamstown.[7] The crossing was removed by lowering the rail line onto a rail trench under the road, with the adjacent North Williamstown station also being lowered.[7] A final two crossings will be removed along the line by 2030. The crossing at Hudsons Road in Spotswood will be removed by elevating the rail line above the road with Spotswood station also being rebuilt as part of the project.[17] The crossing at Anderson Street, Yarraville, will be closed off as part of other level crossing removal works.[17] At the end of these works, the Williamstown line will have 1 remaining crossing at Giffard St in Williamstown that is not scheduled for removal.

Network reconfiguration

[edit]

When the new cross-city rail corridor being built by the Metro Tunnel opens in 2025 there will be a reorganisation of the Melbourne rail network.[18] The Victorian Department of Transport and Planning plans to return the Frankston line to the City Loop, with dedicated use of the Caulfield group tunnel track.[19] This will mean Frankston line trains will no longer through-run with Werribee and Williamstown line trains, and will again stop at City Loop stations Flagstaff, Melbourne Central and Parliament.[19] As part of the reconfiguration, the Werribee and Williamstown lines would instead begin through-running services to Sandringham for the first time.[19]

Network and operations

[edit]

Services

[edit]

Services on the Williamstown line operate from approximately 5:00 am to around 12:00 am daily.[20] In general, during peak hours, train frequency is 10 minutes while services during non-peak hours drop to 20–40 minutes throughout the entire route.[3] Services do not run through the City Loop, instead terminating at Flinders Street.[21] Rather than running through the City Loop, services continue onto the Frankston line with boosted frequencies in combination with the Werribee line.[22] During periods with low patronage, shuttle services operate between Newport and Williamstown operate in the evenings, weekend mornings, and as part of the Night Network. Night Network operates on Friday nights and weekends, with services running 24 hours a day with 60-minute frequencies available outside of normal operating hours.[23]

Train services on the Williamstown line are also subjected to maintenance and renewal works, usually on selected Fridays and Saturdays. Shuttle bus services are provided throughout the duration of works for affected commuters.[24]

Stopping patterns

[edit]

Legend — Station status

  • ◼ Premium Station – Station staffed from first to last train
  • ◻ Host Station – Usually staffed during morning peak, however this can vary for different stations on the network.

Legend — Stopping patterns
Services do not operate via the City Loop

  • ● – All trains stop
  • ◐ – Some services do not stop
  • | – Trains pass and do not stop
Williamstown Services[25]
Station Zone Local Shuttle
◼ Flinders Street 1 ●
◼ Southern Cross ●
◼ North Melbourne ●
◻ South Kensington ●
◼ Footscray ●
◻ Seddon ●
◻ Yarraville ●
◻ Spotswood ●
◼ Newport ● ●
◻ North Williamstown ● ●
◻ Williamstown Beach ● ●
◼ Williamstown ● ●

Operators

[edit]
Connex Melbourne previously operated the line from 2004 until Metro Trains Melbourne commenced operations in 2009.

The Williamstown line has had a total of 8 operators since its opening in 1859. The first section of the line from near Newport to Williamstown Pier was originally opened by the government in 1857 and used by the Geelong and Melbourne Railway Company (G&MR) until the remainder of the government line to Spencer Street (now Southern Cross) opened 2 years later in 1859. This was operated by the government under the newly formed Victorian Railways (VR) using the full length from Williamstown Pier to Spencer Street (G&MR then used the VR line from Newport to Spencer Street). Many operators throughout its history have been government run. From its government acquisition in 1856 until the 1999 privatisation of Melbourne's rail network, four different government operators have run the line.[26] These operators, Victorian Railways, the Metropolitan Transit Authority, the Public Transport Corporation, and Bayside Trains have a combined operational length of 141 years.

Bayside Trains was privatised in August 1999 and later rebranded M>Train. In 2002, M>Train was placed into receivership and the state government regained ownership of the line, with KPMG appointed as receivers to operate M>Train on behalf of the state government.[27][28][29] Two years later, rival train operator Connex Melbourne took over the M>Train operations including the Williamstown line. Metro Trains Melbourne, the current private operator, then took over the operations in 2009. The private operators have had a combined operational period of 26 years.[30]

Past and present operators of the Williamstown line:
Operator Assumed operations Ceased operations Length of operations
Geelong and Melbourne Railway (G&MR) 1857 1859 2 years
Victorian Railways 1859 1983 124 years
Metropolitan Transit Authority 1983 1989 6 years
Public Transport Corporation 1989 1998 9 years
Bayside Trains (government operator) 1998 2000 2 years
M>Train 2000 2004 4 years
Connex Melbourne 2004 2009 5 years
Metro Trains Melbourne 2009 incumbent 14 years (ongoing)

Route

[edit]
Map
Interactive map of the Williamstown line in western Melbourne, also showing the Werribee line.
Williamstown (physical track)
Overview
StatusOperational with passenger services from Flinders Street to Williamstown
Owner
LocaleMelbourne, Victoria, Australia
Termini
Connecting lines
Former connectionsMaribyrnong
Stations
  • 12 current stations
  • 5 former stations
  • 3 sidings
  • 5 former sidings
Service
ServicesWilliamstown
History
Commenced12 June 1854 (1854-06-12)
Opened
  • Newport to Williamstown Pier on 3 October 1857 (1857-10-03)
  • Southern Cross to Newport on 17 January 1859 (1859-01-17)
Completed17 January 1859 (1859-01-17)
Electrified
  • Flinders Street to North Melbourne on 28 May 1919 (1919-05-28)
  • North Melbourne to Williamstown Pier on 2 August 1920 (1920-08-02)
Technical
Line length16.2 km (10.1 mi)
Number of tracks
  • Six tracks – Flinders Street to Footscray
  • Double track: Footscray to Williamstown
Track gauge1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in)
Electrification1500 V DC overhead
Operating speed
  • 80 km/h (50 mph) – Electric
  • 50 km/h (31 mph) – Diesel
SignallingAutomatic block signaling
Maximum incline1 in 55 (1.82%)

The Williamstown line forms a mostly straight route from the Melbourne central business district to its terminus in Williamstown. The route is 16.2 kilometres (10.1 mi) long and is fully doubled tracked from Flinders Street to its terminus (excluding Williamstown station where the track narrows to one track at the single platform). After changing from Frankston services at Flinders Street, the Williamstown line traverses flat country with few curves and minimal earthworks for most of the line. Some sections of the line have been elevated or lowered to remove level crossings, including at Williamstown North station. There is only one crossing remaining on the line which is not scheduled to be removed.[7]

The line follows the same alignment as the Werribee line with the two services splitting onto different routes at Newport. The Williamstown line continues its southern alignment, whereas the Werribee line takes a western alignment towards their final destinations.[31] Most of the rail line goes through built-up suburbs and heavy industrial areas.[31]

Stations

[edit]

The line serves 12 stations across 16.2 kilometres (10.1 mi) of track. The stations are a mix of elevated, lowered, and ground level designs. The many elevated and lowered stations being constructed as part of level crossing removals.[32] From 2030, Spotswood station will be elevated as part of additional level crossing removal works.[33]

Station Accessibility Opened Terrain Train connections Other connections
Flinders Street Yes—step free access 1854[34] Lowered
16 connections
 Trams Buses
Southern Cross 1859[34] Ground level
27 connections
 Trams Buses Coaches SkyBus
North Melbourne
7 connections
 Buses
South Kensington No—steep ramp 1891[34]
1 connection
Footscray Yes—step free access 1859[34]
10 connections
 Trams Buses
Seddon No—steep ramp 1906[34]
1 connection
Yarraville Yes—step free access 1871[34] Buses
Spotswood 1878[34]
Newport No—steep ramp 1859[34] Buses
North Williamstown Yes—step free access Below ground
Williamstown Beach Ground level
Williamstown
Station histories
Station Opened[35] Closed[35] Age Notes[35]
Flinders Street 12 September 1854 170 years
  • Formerly Melbourne Terminus
Southern Cross 17 January 1859 165 years
  • Formerly Batman's Hill
  • Formerly Spencer Street
North Melbourne 6 October 1859 165 years
South Kensington 11 March 1891 133 years
Saltwater River 1 October 1859 c. 1867 Approx. 8 years
Footscray 24 September 1900 124 years
Footscray (Suburban) 24 January 1859 24 September 1900 41 years
Seddon 10 December 1906 117 years
Yarraville 20 November 1871 153 years
Spotswood 1 February 1878 146 years
  • Formerly Edom
  • Formerly Bayswater
  • Formerly Spottiswoode
Newport 1 March 1859 165 years
  • Formerly Geelong Junction
  • Formerly Williamstown Junction
Greenwich 25 June 1857 28 July 1857 33 days
Garden Platform (Newport Workshops) ? ?
North Williamstown 1 February 1859 165 years
Williamstown Beach 12 August 1889 135 years
  • Formerly Beach
Williamstown 17 January 1859 165 years
Williamstown Pier 3 October 1857 25 March 1987 129 years
  • Formerly Pier
Williamstown Yard ? ?
Thompson's Siding ? ?
  • Formerly Gray Bros Siding
Nelson Pier ? ?
Gellibrand Pier ? 1 March 1956
Breakwater Pier ? ?

Infrastructure

[edit]

Rolling stock

[edit]
Main articles: X'Trapolis 100, Siemens Nexas, and Comeng
A modern train arriving at an old station
A Siemens Nexas EMU arriving at North Williamstown station.

The Williamstown line uses diverse types of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains that are operated in a split six-car configuration, with three doors per side on each carriage. The primary rolling stock featured on the line is the Comeng EMUs, built by Commonwealth Engineering between 1981 and 1988.[36] These train sets are the oldest on the Melbourne rail network and subsequently will be replaced by the mid 2030s.[37] Siemens Nexas EMUs are also widely featured on the line, originally built between 2002 and 2005. These train sets feature more modern technology than the Comeng trains.[38] The final type of rolling stock featured on the line is the X'Trapolis 100 built by Alstom between 2002 and 2004 as well as between 2009 and 2020.[39] All of these rolling stock models are widely used on other lines across the metropolitan network and work as the backbone of the network.

Alongside the passenger trains, Williamstown line tracks and equipment are maintained by a fleet of engineering trains. The four types of engineering trains are: the shunting train; designed for moving trains along non-electrified corridors and for transporting other maintenance locomotives, for track evaluation; designed for evaluating track and its condition, the overhead inspection train; designed for overhead wiring inspection, and the infrastructure evaluation carriage designed for general infrastructure evaluation.[40] Most of these trains are repurposed locomotives previously used by V/Line, Metro Trains, and the Southern Shorthaul Railroad.[40]

Planned rolling stock

[edit]
Main article: X'Trapolis 2.0

From the middle of 2020s, the next generation of the X'Trapolis family of electric EMUs—the X'Trapolis 2.0—will be introduced. This new model will fully replace the existing fleet of Comeng EMUs currently operating on the line currently with new, modern, and technologically advanced trains. The new trains will feature:[41]

  • Modernised doors to reduce the boarding times at stations to under 40 seconds
  • Passenger information systems to display that train's journey in real time
  • Higher energy efficiency to work with a lower network voltage, to fit in line with modern rail systems overseas
  • New interior designs including tip-up seating to allow space for wheelchair spaces.
  • Designated bicycle storage areas
  • Passenger operated automatic wheelchair ramps located behind driver cabs
  • 6 cars fully walk through carriages

Accessibility

[edit]
An old station viewed from further away with an apartment building in the background
Williamstown station is fully wheelchair accessible featuring tactile boarding indicators and wheelchair accessible ramps.

In compliance with the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992, all stations that are new-built or rebuilt are fully accessible and comply with these guidelines.[42] The majority of stations on the corridor are fully accessible, however, there are some stations that have not been upgraded to meet these guidelines.[43] These stations do feature ramps, however, they have a gradient greater than 1 in 14.[43] Stations that are fully accessible feature ramps that have a gradient less than 1 in 14, have at-grade paths, or feature lifts.[43] These stations typically also feature tactile boarding indicators, independent boarding ramps, wheelchair accessible myki barriers, hearing loops, and widened paths.[43][44]

Projects improving station accessibility have included the Level Crossing Removal Project, which involves station rebuilds and upgrades and other individual station upgrade projects.[45][46] These works have made significant strides in improving network accessibility, with more than 75% of Williamstown line stations classed as fully accessible. This number is expected to grow within the coming years with the completion of level crossing removal works on the corridor by 2029.[47]

Signalling

[edit]

The Williamstown line uses three position signalling which is widely used across the Melbourne train network.[48] Three position signalling was first introduced in 1927, with the last section of the line converted to the new type of signalling in 1997.[49]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Williamstown Line". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  2. ^ "Metro's paper timetables mess". Daniel Bowen. 3 September 2017. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  3. ^ a b "New timetable train line information – Public Transport Victoria". 1 March 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  4. ^ Carey, Adam (7 November 2014). "Trains are working better but seating not guaranteed". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Anderson, Rick (2010). Stopping All Stations. Clunes, Victoria: Full Parallel Productions. p. 16. ISBN 978-0646543635. OCLC 671303814.
  6. ^ a b "3.4.3 Railway Workshops" (PDF). Hobsons Bay Heritage Study – Volume 1b: Thematic Environmental History. Hobsons Bay City Council. October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  7. ^ a b c d Victoria’s Big Build (24 February 2023). "Ferguson Street, Williamstown". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  8. ^ a b Anderson, Rick (2010). Stopping All Stations. Clunes, Victoria: Full Parallel Productions. p. 17. ISBN 978-0646543635. OCLC 671303814.
  9. ^ a b c Lee, Robert (2007). The Railways of Victoria 1854–2004. Melbourne University Publishing Ltd. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-522-85134-2.
  10. ^ Lee, Robert (2007). The Railways of Victoria 1854-2004. Melbourne University Publishing Ltd. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-522-85134-2.
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  12. ^ Lee, Robert (2007). The Railways of Victoria 1854–2004. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-522-85134-2.
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  14. ^ "3.4.3 Railway Workshops" (PDF). Hobsons Bay Heritage Study – Volume 1b: Thematic Environmental History. Hobsons Bay City Council. October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  15. ^ "Works". Newsrail. Vol. 18, no. 9. Vic: ARHS Victoria Division. September 1990. p. 284. ISSN 0310-7477. OCLC 19676396.
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  23. ^ "Melbourne Weekend Night Network Train Map" (PDF). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  24. ^ "Where do train replacement buses come from?". ABC News. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  25. ^ "Williamstown Line". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  26. ^ "Melbourne's Rail Network to be Split" Railway Digest November 1997 page 12
  27. ^ National Express walks out of Australian rail service Archived 12 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Telegraph (London) 17 December 2002
  28. ^ Receivers take over train, tram group Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Age 24 December 2002
  29. ^ Victorian passenger services get new managers Archived 25 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Rail Express 28 January 2003
  30. ^ Cooper, Mex (25 June 2009). "New train, tram operators for Melbourne". The Age. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  31. ^ a b Wray, Tyson (19 January 2017). "Melbourne's train lines definitively ranked from best to worst". Time Out Melbourne. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  32. ^ Lee, Robert S. (2007). The railways of Victoria 1854–2004. Rosemary Annable, Donald S. Garden. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85134-2. OCLC 224727085. Archived from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  33. ^ Victoria’s Big Build (24 February 2023). "Werribee Line level crossing removals". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h "What year did your railway station open? | Public Transport Users Association (Victoria, Australia)". 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  35. ^ a b c Anderson, Rick (2010). Stopping All Stations. Clunes, Victoria: Full Parallel Productions. ISBN 978-0646543635. OCLC 671303814.
  36. ^ "archive.ph". archive.ph. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  37. ^ Jacks, Timna (18 May 2021). "Ballarat plant bags $1b contract for 25 new Melbourne trains". The Age. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  38. ^ "Siemens AG – Siemens Transportation Systems wins major contract in Australia". 22 November 2005. Archived from the original on 22 November 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  39. ^ Carey, Adam (7 November 2014). "Trains are working better but seating not guaranteed". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  40. ^ a b "NETWORK SERVICE PLAN | Addenda". 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011.
  41. ^ Jacks, Timna (15 July 2019). "New train designs revealed, but contract under threat". The Age. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  42. ^ "Accessibility – Public Transport Ombudsman Victoria". www.ptovic.com.au. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  43. ^ a b c d "Station accessibility features". Metro Trains Melbourne. 2023. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  44. ^ "Accessing public transport". City of Melbourne. n.d. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  45. ^ "Left behind: the fight for accessible public transport in Victoria". the Guardian. 12 June 2022. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  46. ^ Victoria’s Big Build (17 October 2022). "Urban design framework". Victoria’s Big Build. Archived from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  47. ^ "Growing Our Rail Network 2018–2025". Public Transport Victoria. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  48. ^ "A walk around Gunning". vrhistory.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  49. ^ "National Code 3-Position Speed Signalling" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
[edit]
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